Quail Farming

The Quails

Prepared by VET Helpline India team, in consultation with Dr. Ajit S. Ranade and Dr. Deepasheen N. Desai of Department of Poultry Science, Bombay Veterinary College, Parel, Mumbai We are thankful to Dr. Majdood Ahmed, Director, Central Poultry breeding farm, Aarey Milk Colony, Mumbai-65 for his active support and valued contribution. The Quail called "bater" in Hindi, is a small type of bird that belongs to the Pheasant family. They were first domesticated in Japan in 1595. There are two species of quail in India; the black-breasted quail found in jungle (Coturnix Coromandelica) and the brown-coloured Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) which is bred for meat or the one used for commercial Quail production. They were introduced in India in 1974 from California. There are 45 species of quail. Although the Japanese quail is the largest species, it is much smaller then pigeon. While Indian quail weighs up to 100 gm and lays 100 eggs a year, the Japanese quail weighs up to 250 gm and lays 250 eggs a year. Though the Government of India is encouraging entrepreneurs to start quail farm, a government license is required to sell commercial Japanese quail considering the jungle variety of the bird, which is a protected species. The Ministry of environment and forests delegated the power to grant such license to the department of Animal husbandry. So, far more then 500 license has been issued in Maharashtra State alone. Is quail meat preferred over chicken meat? - YES According to gourmets, it is tastier than chicken. The breast and legs are considered delicacies. Quail meat promotes body and brain development in children Best balanced feed for pregnant and nursing mothers. Less fat content (Low calorific value) but more of phospholipds. No fear of Cholesterol. The Comparision in Composition (Raw Meat) Moisture Protein Fat Carbohydrate Minerals Quail 73.93% 20.54% 3.85% 0.56% 1.12% Chicken 73.87% 20.66% 3.61% 0.78% 1.08% (Ref.: Pande and Srivastava, 1987)

Quail Eggs

Quail egg is roughly one-fifth the size of a chicken's egg and weigh around 10gm. The eggshells are spotted, with colors ranging from white to brown. Nutritionally, the quality of these eggs is at par with that of chicken eggs; rather they contain less cholesterol. The proportion of yolk (the yellow inside part) to albumen (the white part), at 39:61, is higher compared to chicken eggs. Composition of Quail Egg (Whole, Raw) Water Protein Fat Carbohydrate Total ash Calorific Value 74% 13% 11% 1% 1% 649 k J/100g liquid For more information on nutrient content of Chicken Egg you can visit: http://www.aeb.org/food/nutrient.html What is the acceptance or popularity of Quail meat and egg? Quail meat / egg or as such the products are now widely accepted in India. The popularity can be judged by the factors like growing number of farms and market price which is Rs.16/ per live adult bird of 100-200 gms (Rs. 90-110 a kg Dressed meat) and Rs.0.15-0.20/ per egg. Small size of quail egg limits its popularization as alternative to chicken egg. However, they make attractive snacks or salad ingredients. Value addition is possible with products like egg pickles, brined quail eggs etc. Is quail farming a suitable option in terms of meat and egg production? Quails have certain distinct characteristics that made them suitable for both egg as well as meat production. These are: Early marketing age (Five weeks for meat purposes, which is slightly below six weeks for broiler chicken) Early sexual maturity (They require six to seven weeks of age to produce eggs) High rate of lay (280 eggs per year) Occupation of a minimum floor space (Eight to ten birds can be kept in the same space housing a single chicken) Quail possess a dressing proportion of about 70% (just like chicken), with the breast and thigh portion contributing nearly 68% of the total carcass. Egg production starts when the female quail reaches six to seven weeks of age and it touches 85% production by the end of 10 weeks.

Where to get parent birds or adult quails?

You can approach following organizations. Director Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Dist. Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, Pin: 243122 A.V.M Hatcheries & Poultry Breeding Center Pvt. Ltd. 25 / 327, Rangai Gauder Street, Coimbatore Pin: 641001 Director, Central Poultry Breeding Farm, Government of India located at : Aarey colony, Goregaon (E), Mumbai.- 400065 Hessarghatta, Bangalore (North)-560088 Nayapalli, Bhubaneshwar-751012 Industrial Area, Chandigarh-160002 An improved strain of Japanese quail (Nandanam Quail-2), which attains body weight of 160 gm in five weeks, has been developed by poultry breeders at the Poultry Research Station, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Nandanam, Chennai. M/s Venkateshwar Hacheries Pvt. Ltd. Quail Unit at Naigaon, Pune C/o Dr. B.V. Rao, IPMT At/PO - Urulikanchan, Pune - 412202 Ph: 020 65782252, 26926509 Email : ipmtpune@vsnl.com How to identify male and female Quails? Sexing is not done in one-day-old quail chicks. Only after 4 weeks of age, the female can be differentiated from the males. Females are larger than males and they have black spots on face, neck and in the breast region. Can I produce quail chicks? Incubators that are used for hatching chicken eggs can be used for quail eggs with little modification. A wire mesh or grid of 1.5 x 1 inch should be fitted on the setter trays, to keep very small quail eggs in the incubator. Incubation period for quail eggs is 18 days. Incubation requirement are as follows: Duration (Days) Temperature (deg.F) Humidity (%) Turning of Eggs 0-14 99.5 60 Through 45 deg. 5-6 times a day. 15 to 18 98.5 70 Not required If you are going for such operations of producing chicks at your farm, following information may be of help to you: Male / female ratio in the parent stock should be 1:2 or less. Quails start laying eggs at the age of 6 weeks, Quails lay most of the eggs during evening hours (Between 3 to 6 PM). Fertile eggs from the female of age 10 to 20 weeks can be collected for incubation. Eggs should be collected very frequently and carefully, as shells of eggs are very thin and they break very easily. Eggs should be stored at 55 deg.F with 70% relative humidity before incubation. You need to fumigate the eggs before incubation.

Other Requirements

What are the space / housing requirements of Quail? Quails can be reared on the floor or in the cages. The space requirement is as follows: Please Note:Following specifications are suggestive only and is meant for giving you some idea. You may need to take help qualified consultants. Age (in Weeks) Space Requirement (cm.sq. / bird) Feeding Sapce (cm.sq. / bird) Watering Space (cm.sq. / bird) Deep litter system* Cage system 0-4 75 75 2.0 1.0 5-6 200 150 2.5 1.5 6 onwards 250 175 2.5-3.0 1.5 * A system of raring birds on the floor. How to prepare feed for quails? Offer ground maize to quails (of 3week age) for first two days. After that, feed can be prepared by using commonly available ingredients like Maize, Rice polishing, Soybean extraction, groundnut extraction, Sunflower extraction etc. Commercial poultry feed that are available in the market are not suitable as it contains less protein than what is required for quails. However, it can be modified by adding more of soybean extraction or any other suitable protein source that are acceptable for quails. In India, at present commercial feed for quail is not available, one has to specially get it prepared. Following is the approved Nutrient requirement for quails: Please check modified commercial preparation for these standards. If you are going for own farm mixing of raw ingredients, ask a nutrition consultant for a suitable mixing formula. You may need to take help of a feed analytical laboratory. Nutrients Broiler Quails Layer Quail (For Egg) Starter (0-4 wks.) Finisher (4-6 wks.) Starter (0-4 wks.) Grower (4-5 wks.) Layer (> 6 wks.) Energy (Kcal /Kg) 2800 2800 2750 2750 2700 Protein % 27 24 24 20 19 Calcium % 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 3.0 Phosphorus % 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.45 What is the incidence of diseases in quails? Quails are comparatively sturdy birds, hence do not require any vaccination. Common disorders, which occur in case of chicken, are seldom noted in quails. Ulcerative enteritis is common in quails.

Sample Project Report - Quail Farming

Click here to download a sample Project Report on Quail Farming. We welcome your questions related quail farming. Selected queries will be included with this article in due course of time. Do you want to add any information to above article? Contact us at mislam@vethelplineindia.com References: Introduction to Quail farming -Written By Kwan Soo Chinhttp://www.gss.nus.edu.sg/~webdbs/bird/quail/bl2224/quail/soochin.htm Department of Biological science, the National University of Singaporehttp://www.science.nus.edu.sg/~webdbs/bird/quail/quailfrm.htm